IBOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS1Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety2isthehistoryofclassstrugglesFreemanandslavepatricianandplebianlordandserfguildmaster3andjourneymaninawordoppressorandoppressedstoodinconstantoppositio ntooneanothercarrie donanuninterruptednowhidden nowopenfightafightthateachtimeendedeitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlargeorin thecommonruinofthecontendingclassesIntheearlierepochsofhistorywefindalmoste verywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousordersamanifoldgradationofsocialrankInancientRom ewehavep at riciansknightsp lebiansslavesintheMiddleAgesfeudallordsvassalsguildmastersjourneymenapprent icesse rfs inalmostalloftheseclassesagainsubordinategradationsThemodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheru in soffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithcl assantagonismsIthasbutesta blishednewclassesnewco nditionsofoppressionnew formsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldonesOurepochtheepochoftheb o urge o i siepossessesh oweve r thisdis ti n c tfea t ureithassimplifi edclassa n t agonismsSocietyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupi ntotwogreathostilecam psintotw ogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachotherbourgeoisieandproletariatFrom theserfsoftheMi d dle Ag e s s pr angthecharter edburghersoftheearli esttownsFromthe s eburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisiewered ev elopedThediscoveryofAmericatheroundingoftheCapeopenedupfreshgr oundforther isingbo u rge oisi e T heEa stIndi anandChinesemarketsthecolonisationofAme ricatradewiththecoloniestheincreaseinthemeansof exchangeandincommoditiesgenerallygavetocomm ercetonaviga tionto indus tryanimpu lsen e v e rb e f o reknownand t herebytotherevolut ionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsocietyarapiddevelopm entThefeudalsystemofindustryinwhichindustrialproductionwasmo n o polizedby c l o s e d gui l dsnownolongersufficesf orthegrowingwantsofthenewmarketsThemanufacturings ystemtookitsplaceTheguildmasterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmid d l e c l a s s d i v i s i o n o fl aborb e t weenthedi fferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborinea chsingleworksho pMeantimethemarke t skeptevergro win gthedemandeverrisi n g E v e n m a n u f a c t u r ersnol o ngersufficedThereuponsteamandmachineryrevolutionizedindustri alproductionTheplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiantMODER NINDUSTR Y the p l a c e o f t h e i n d u s t r ialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionairestheleadersofthewholeindustrial armiesthemodernbourgeoisM o dernindustryhasestablis h e d thewo rldmar k e tfor w h i c ht h e d i s c overyofAmericapavedt hewayTh ismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelop menttocommercetonaviga tio ntocommunicationbyland Thisdev e lopmenthasi ntur nre act e d o ntheextensi o nofindustryandinproportionasindustrycommercenavi gationrailwaysextend edinthes a meproportionthebourgeoisied evel opedi n cre as edit s c a p i t a landpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromthe MiddleAgesWese ethereforehowthemodernbourgeoi sieisitselfthe produc t o falon gcour se o fd e velop mentofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproducti onandofexchangeEachstepi nthedevelopmentoft h e bourge oisiewasa c c ompan i e d b y a c o r r e spondi ngpoliticaladva nceinthatclassAnoppressedclas sunderthesw ayofthefeudalnobilityanarmedandsel f governing a s s ocia t i o n o f m edievalcommune4hereindependenturbanrepublicasinItaly andGermanytheretaxablethirdEstateofthemonarchyasinFra n c e a f t e r wardin t h e p e r iodofmanufacturingproper servingeitherthesemifeu dalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounter poiseagainstth e n o b il i t yand i n f actcornerstoneof t hegreatmonar chiesingeneraltheb ourgeoisiehasatlastsincetheestabl i shmentofMod ernIn d u s t r y a ndoftheworldmarketconqueredforit selfinthemodernr epresentativest ateexclusivepoliticalswa yTheex ecuti v e o f t h emodernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommona ffairsofthewholebourgeoisieThebourgeoisi ehistorical l y h a sp l a yedamostrevolutionar ypartThebourgeoisiewherev erithasgottheup perhandhasputanendtoallfeudalpatr i a r c halid yllicrelati onsIthaspitilesslytornasunde rthemotleyfeu daltiesthatboundmantohisnaturalSup e r i o r s a ndhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannakedse lfinterestthancallo uscashpaymentIthasdrowned o u t t h e mostheavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervorofchiv alrousenthusi asm ofphilistinesentim ent a l i s m i n t h eicywaterofegotis ticalcalculationIthasresol vedpersonalw orthintoexchangevalueandin p lac e o f t h e n umberlessindefeasible cha rteredfreedomshasse tupthatsingleunconscio n ablefreed omFreeTrad eIn o n e w o r dforexp l oitationveil edbyreligiou san dpol iticalillusionsithass ubstituted nak edshame les s d i r e ctbrut a lexploi tat i onThebourgeoisiehass trippedofitshaloev e ryoccu pat ionhither t o h ono r e da n d l o o k edupt owithre v ere n ta w e I t hasconver tedthephysician thelawyert h e priestthe p o e tth e m ano f sc i e n c eint oitsp aidwagela borers Thebourgeo is iehastornaway fromthefamilyitssentimen t a l v e ila n d h a s r e d ucedt hefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrela tionThebourgeoisiehasdisclosed howitc a m e t o pass that t h e b rutaldisp l a y ofvigorintheMiddleAges whichreactionaries somuchadmi refound i t s f itt ingc o m p l ementinthemo stslothfulindolenceIthas beenthefirsttoshowwhatmansactivitycanbr i ngabo utIth a s acco m p l i s h e d w o nder s f arsurpassingEgyptianpyr amidsRomanaqueductsandGothicc a thedral s ith as c ondu c tede x p e d i tionsthatputin theshadeallformerexod usesofnationsandcrusadesThebo u r g e o i s i ec a n n o tex i s t w i t houtconstant l yrevolutionizingth einstrumentsofproductionandtherebyt herela t ion sof pro d u c t i o nandwi t hthemthewholerelation sofsocietyConservationoftheoldmodesofp r o duc t i oninu nal t e r e d f o rmwasonthe con trarythef irst conditionofexistenceforallearlierin d u s t rial cla sses C o n s t ant r e voluti onizi ng o f produ ctionuninterrupteddisturbance ofalls o c i a l c ondi tionseve r l a s t i n guncertaintya n dagita tiondistingui s h theb ourgeoisepo c h f r o mal learli e r o ne s A l l f ixedfastfrozen rela t ionswith theirtrainofancientandvenerablepre j u d icesand o pini o n s a r esw e p t a wayal l newformedo nesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanos sifyA l l t h at issol i dmelt s i n t oairall t h a tis h olyisprof anedandmanisatlastcompelledtofacew iths o b e r s e nseshisr e alconditionofl i f e a n d h i srelationswithh i s k indT heneedofaconstantlyexpanding m a rke t f o ritsprod uctsc hasesthebourgeoisie o v e r t h e e n t iresurfa c e o f theglobeI t m ust nestleeverywheresettleeverywh e rees t a blis hconn ectionsevery whereThebourgeois iehasthroughitse xploitationoft h e w o r l dmark e tgivenac osmopolitancharactertoproduc t i onan dco n sum ptionineveryco untryTothegrea tchagrinofreactio n arie s i t hasdrawn fro munderth efeetofindustrythenationa lgro und onwh i c h itstoodAllol d e s tablishednat ionalindustr i e s h ave b eende stro yedora redailybeingdestroyedThe yar e dislo d g edb yne windust r ieswhoseintroductionbe comesa l i f e a n d d e athquestionforal lcivilizednationsbyindu s tries thatnol on gerworkupi ndigenousrawmateri albutrawmater ialdrawnfromthere m o t est z o nesindustrieswh oseproductsarecon s u mednoto nl yath omebutinever yquarteroftheglobeInplaceoftheo ldwan tssatisfie db ytheprod uct ion o fthec ountrywefi ndnewwantsrequiringf o r t h e i r sat isfactio nt hepr o ductsofdis tant l and sandclim esInpla c eofth e oldl o c a land natio nal seclusionandselfs ufficien c y w e have inte rcou r s eineveryd irectio n u n iver s alinte r d e p e n d e n c eofna tion sAn dasinmaterialso alsoinintell ectual p r o d u cti o nThei ntelle ctualcreatio n s o f indi vidua lna t ions b e c o mecommonpr op ertyNationalonesidednessand narr owminde d n e s sbecomemorea n d m o r e impossib l e andf r o m t h enu m e r ousn ati on alandlocalliterature s there ari sesaworl dli t e ratureThebo u r g e o i s i e b y t h e r a pidimpro ve mentofallinstrum e n tsofpro du c t ionbytheimmen selyfacilit a t e d m e a n sofc omm u n i c a t i o n d rawsalleven themostbarbaria nnations i n toci v ilizationThecheapprices o f c o m m o d i t i e s a r eth e h e a v y a rtillerywi thwhichitforcesthebarb ariansin t enselyobstinateh atredofforei gne r s t o c a p i t u l a t e I t compelsa llnationsonpain ofex tinct i o n toad o p t t h ebourgeois m o de o f p r o d u c t ioni t c o m p e l s t h e m to introducewhatitcall scivi l i zationintotheir m i dstietobecom e bourg e o i st h emsel v e s I n o n e w o r d i tcreat esaworldafteritsownimageTheb ourgeoisieh a s subjectedthecou n t r y to t h erul e ofthe t o w n s I t h a s c r e a t eden ormouscitieshasgreatlyin c reased theurba n p o pulationascom p a red wit h t h e rur a la ndh a s t h u s r e s c u e d a c o n side rablepartofthepopulationfromtheidiocyofr urallife Justasithas m a d ethe count r y d e pend e nton t h e t o w n s s o i t h a s m a d e barba rianandsemibarbarianco u ntriesdepende ntonthecivilizedonesnati o n s o f pea santson n a t i onso f b o u r geoi s t h e E a s t o n t h e We stThebo urgeoisiekeepsm oreandmoredoingawaywi ththe s cat teredstateoft h e p o p ulat ionoft hemean sofprod u c t i o nan d o fproperty I t h a sa g g l o m e r a t edpopu lationcentralizedt h emeansofproduct iona n d has concentratedpr oper t yina fewhandsThenecessaryconsequ e n c e o f t hi swasp o l i t i c a l c e n t r a l i z a tion Independentorbutlo o selyconnectedprovinceswithseparateinterestsla w s g overnmentsandsystem softax a t i o n b eca melump edto g e t h e r i n t o o n e n a t i o nwitho negovernmentone code oflawsonenationalclassi nterestonefrontierandonec u s t omstariffThebourgeoisieduri n g i t s rule o fs c arceo n e h u n d r e d y e a r s h a s c reated moremassiveandmorecolossalproductiveforcest h anhaveallprecedinggenerat ionstogetherSubjectionofnaturesforces t o m a nma chi n eryap p l i c a t i o n o f chemi s t r y toindu stryandagriculturesteamnavigationrailway selec t r ictelegra p hscl e aringofwholecontinentsforcultivationcana l i z a t i o n or r iversw h o l e p o p u l a t i o n s c onjure doutofthegroundwhatearliercenturyhadevenapr e s entimentth atsuchproductiv eforces slumberedinthelapofsoci all a b o r W e s e e t h e n t hemean s o f p r o d ucti o n a n dofexcha ngeonwhosefoundationthebourgeoisiebuiltitsel fupwer egeneratedin feudalso ciet yAtacer t ainstageinthedevel opme ntoft h e s e m e ansof p r o d uctio n a n d o f e xc h a n geth e c o n diti on sunderwhichfeudalsocietyproducedande xchange dthefeudalor ganizationof agr ic ultureandmanufacturingin dus try i n o n e w o r d t h e f e u dalr e l ationso f p r o p e rtyb e c ame n o lo ngercompatiblewiththealreadydeveloped pro duct iveforcestheybecamesomanyfettersTheyhadtobeburstasundertheywerebursta sunde r I n t o t h e i rpl a cestepp e d f r e e c o m p e t i t ion a cco mpaniedbyasocialandpoliticalconstitutionadapted initandtheeconomicandpoliticalswayofthebourgeoisclassAsimilar mov ement isgoin g o n b e f o r e o u rown e yesMod e r n b o u r g e o i ssoc ietyw ith itsrelationsofproductionofexchangeandofpropertyasocietythathasconjuredupsuchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexc hang eis l ikethe s orc e r er w h o i s nol ong e rabl e t o c o n t rolthepow ers o fthenet herworldwhomhehascalledupbyhisspe llsFormanya decadepastthehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistoryoftherevolt ofm odernp r o d u c t i vefo r c esagai n s t m o d e r n condit i o n s ofproduc tionagainstthepropertyrelationsthataret h e conditionsfortheexistenceofthebourgeo isando fitsruleItisenoughtomentio nth e comm e r ci a l c r i s e s t h a t b y t h eirp e r io d i c a l ret urn puttheexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissoc ietyonitstrialeachtimemorethreateninglyInthesecr isesagreatpartnoto nl y of t h e exis t i n g p r o du c t s but a l s ooft h e p r eviouslyc reat edproductiveforcesareperiodicallyd es troyedInthe secrisestherebreaksoutanepidemict h ati n allearlierepochswouldha v e s e e m e d a n a b surdi t y thee p i demicof o verp r od u c t i on Societysuddenlyfindsitselfputbacki nt oastateofm oment arybarbari smitappearsasifafaminea universalwarofdevastationhadcutof f t h e s u p p l y o f ev erym ea nsofs u b sistenceind u str y a n d co mmerceseemtobedestroyedAndwhyBecausethereistoomuchc ivilizationtoomuchmeansofsubsistencetoomuchindustr ytoomuchcommerceThepr oduc t i v e f o r c e s a t the dis p o sal o f societynol o n gert endtofurth erthedevelopmentoftheconditionsofb ourgeoispr op e rtyonthecontrarythe yhavebecometoopowerfulf orthese c onditionsbywhichtheyare f e t t e r e d a n d s o s oon a s t hey o v ercome the s efett e r s t hey bringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeo isso c i e ty en dangertheexisten c e ofb o u r g e oispropertyTh econditionsofbourgeoisso cie t y a r e t o o n arr ow toc omp r i s e t hewealthc reat edb y t h e mA ndhowdoesthebourgeoisiegetoverthese c risesO n etheo nehan dbyenf orceddes t ructionofam assofproduc t iveforcesont heother b y t h e c o n questo fnewma r k e t sandbyth emo r ethoro u ghex ploitationoftheoldonesThatistosaybypa vingt h e wayform o reex t e ns i veandmor edestructivecr isesandbydiminishingthemeanswhere b y c r i s e s arepre ventedThe weaponswi t h w h i c h thebourg eoisiefelledfeudalismtothegrounda renowt u r n e dagai n stt h ebourgeo i si eits e lfBut not onlyhasthebou r geoisi efor g edt h e w e a p o n s t hatbringdeathtoitself i t h a s a l s o called intoexistencethemenwhoaretowieldthosewe apons t h emoder n w ork i n g classt h epro l etar i a nsInp ro por t i o n a s thebourgeoisieiecapit a l i s dev e l o p edinth esameproportionistheproletariatthemoder nwor k ingclass develope d a c l ass of l a b ore r s w h o l i v eonl y s o l o n g a s theyfindworkandwho f i n d w o r k o n l y sol ongastheirlaborincreasescapitalTheselaborer swhom us t s ellt h e m s e l v espi e c e m e a l a r e a c o m m o d i t ylikeeveryot her ar t i c l e o f c o m m erce andareconsequentlyexposedtoallthevic iss i t ude s o f c o m p eti t i o n t o a l l t h e f l u c t u a t i o n s o fthemarketOwing t o t h e ext e n s iveu s eofma chineryandtothedivisionoflabort hew o r kof the p r ole t a r i a n s h a s l o st a l l i n d i v i d u a lcharacterandcons e q uently a llch a r m for the IBOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS1Thehi sto r y o f a l l h i t h ertoe xi s t i n g s o c i e t y 2 i s t h e histo ryofcla s s strugglesFr eem anandslav epatricianandplebianlordandserfg uildm a s t e r 3 a ndj o u r n e y m a n i n a w o r d o p p r e s s o r a n doppresse d s t o odinconstantop posit iont ooneanothercarriedonanuninterru pte dnowhiddennowo p e n f i g h t a f i g h t t h a t e a c h t i m e e n d e d e ith e rinarev olutio n ary recon stitutionofsocietyatlargeorinth ecommo n ruino f t h e c o n t e n d i n g c l ass e s I n t h e e a r l i e repo chsofhi s t oryw e fin dal mosteve rywhereacomplicatedarrangemen t o f soc i ety i n t o v ari o u s o r d e r s a m a n i f o l d g r a d a t i o n ofso cialrankIn a nc i e n t R omewehav epatriciansknightsplebiansslav esintheMidd l eAg e s f e u d a l l o r d s v a s s a l s g u i l d m a s tersjour n e ymen a p p renticesserf sinalmostalloftheseclassesagain s u b ordinat egr ada t i o n sTh e m o d e r n b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t ythat h assp rou tedf r omt heruinsoff eud alsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclas s a n t agonismsIt h a s b u t e s t a b l i s h e d n e w c l a s sesnew c on diti on s o fop pressionnewfor msofstruggleinplaceoftheoldo nesOure p och t heep o c h o f t h e b o u r g e o i s i e p o ssesseshow ever t h i sdis tinctf eature ithassimplifiedclassantagon i smsSo ciet y a sawho leis m o r e a n d m o r e s p l i t t i n g u p i n t o tw ogre a tho st i l ecampsintotwogr eatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother bourgeo isiean d p r o l e t a r i a t F r o m t h e s e r f s o f t h e M i d d l eAge s spra n gthecha rteredburghersof theearliesttownsFromtheseburgesse sth efirst e l e m e n t s oft h e b o u r g e o i s i e w e r e d evel o p ed T hediscovery ofAmericathe roundingoftheCapeopenedupfreshgroundf o r th e ris i n g b our g e o i s i e T h e E a s t I n d i a n a n d C h inese m a rket sth ecolo nisationofAme ricatradewiththecoloniestheincreaseinth e m e a n s o f e x c h an g e a n d i n c o m m o d i t i e s gen e ra lly g aveto c omme rcetonavigation toindustryanimpulseneverbeforeknownandthereby t o t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y e l e m e n t i n t h e t ot t erin gfe udalsocietyarapiddevelopme ntThefeudalsystemofindustryinwhichindustrialproduc t i o n w a s m o n o p oli z e d by c l o s e d g u i l d s n o w n o lo n gersu fficesforthegrowing wants ofthenewmarketsThemanufacturingsystemtookitspl ace T h e g u i l d m a s t e r s we r e p u s h e d a s i d e b y t h e m a n ufac turing mi ddl e classdivisionofl ab orbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishe d i n t h e f a c e o f d i v i s i o n o f l a b o r i n e a c h s i n g l e work s hop Meant imethe marke tskeptevergrowingthedemandeverrisingEven m a n u f a c t ure r s n o l o n g e r s u f f i c e d T h e reu p o n s t e a m a ndma chine ryrevoluti onizedindustrialproductionTheplaceofmanufa c t u r e w a s t ake n b y t h e g i a n t M O D E R N I N D U S T R Y t h e placeoftheindus t r i a l m idd l ecl a ssbyind ustrialmillionairestheleadersofthewholeindus t r i a l a r m i e s t he m o d e r n b o u r g e o i s M o d e r n i ndustr y h asestablishedth e worldmar ketforwhich thedis coveryofAmericapavedthewayThismarkethasgivenanim m e n s e d e v e l o p m e n t t o c o m m e r c e t o n a v i g a tiontoc ommunicationbylandThis d evelopmen t hasi n t urn reactedontheextensionofindustryandinproporti o n a s i n d u s t r y c o m m e r c e n a v i g a t i onr a i l w a ysextendedinthesameproportionthe b o urge o isiedeve lop edincreaseditscapitalandpushedintothebackgroundever y c l a s s h a n d e d d o w n f r o m t h eMid d l e A g e s W e s e e t h e r e forehowthemodernbourgeoisieisitselfthe p rodu c tofalo ngc ourseofdevelopmentofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodes o f p r o d u c t i o na n d o f e x c h a n g e E a c h s t e p i n thedev e l o p m e ntofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorres p ond i n gpo li ticaladvanceinthatclassAnoppressedclassunderthe s w ay o f t h e f e u d a l n o b i l i t y a n a r m e d a ndsel f g o v e r n ingassociationofmedievalcommune4hereindepend e n t u rbanre publicasinItalyandGermanytheretaxablethirdEsta teof t h e m o n arc h y a sin F r anc e a f t e r w a r d i n t h e p eriodofmanuf a cturingproperservingeitherthesemifeudalortheabso l u t e m onarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobilityandi n f a c tcorn e r s t o n eo f thegr e a t m o n ar ch i e s i n g e n eralthe bourgeoi s ie hasatlastsincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryando f t h e worldmarketconqueredforitselfinthemodernr ep r e s enta tiv e s t a t ee x c l usi v e po lit icals w a y T heexecutiveofthemod ernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingtheco mmonaffairsofthewholeb ourg eoisieThebourgeoisiehistoricallyhasplay ed a m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y par t T h ebo u rge oisi e whereverithasgotth eupp erhandhasputanendtoallfeudalpatriarchalidylli c relationsIt hasp i t ilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudalties tha t b o u n dmantoh i s n a t u r a l S uperi orsandh asleftnoothernexusbetw eenpeoplethannakedselfinterestthancallouscashpaymentIthasdrownedoutthemosth eavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervorofc hiv a l r o u s e n t h usi a s m o f p hili s tin esenti mental ismintheicywaterofegotisticalcalculationIthasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalueandinplaceofthenum berles sindefeasiblecharteredfreedomshasset up t h a t s i n g l euncon s c i onab lefreedom F reeTrade Inonewordforexploitationveiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusionsithassubstitutednakedshamelessdirectbrutalex ploitationThebourgeoisiehasstripped o f i t s h a l o e v e r yo ccupationh i t h ertohonoredandlookeduptowithreverentaweIthasconvertedthephysicianthelawyerthepriestt hepoetthemanofscienceintoit spaidwagelaborersThebourgeoisieha s t o r n a way f r omthefamilyitssentimentalveilandhasreducedthefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrelationThebourgeoisiehasd i s closedhowitcametopassthatth ebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddl e A g e s w h i c h re actionariessomuchadmirefounditsfittingcomplementinthe mostslothfulindolenceIthasbeenthefirsttoshowwh a t mansactivityc a n bringabo u tIthasaccomplishedwondersfarsu r p a s s i n gEgyptianpy ramidsRomanaqueductsandGothiccathedralsitha sconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallform e r e xodusesofnations a ndcrusad e sThebourgeoisiecannotexistw i t h o utconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproductionand therebytherelati on sofp roductionandwit h t h e m thewh olere l a t i onsofso c i etyConservationoftheoldmod e s o fproductioninunalteredformwasonthecontrarythefirstcondi tionofexistencefor a llearlierindustria l c l a s s esConstan t r e v olution i z ingofproductionuninterr u p teddisturbanceofallsocialconditionseverlastinguncertain tyandagitationdis t i nguishthebourgeoi s e p o c h fromallearlie r onesAllfi x edfastfrozenrelation swiththeirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinio nsaresweptawayal l n e wformedonesbecom e a n t i quatedbeforet heycanossif y Allthatissolidmelt sintoairallthatisholyisprofanedandmanisatlastcompelledto facewithsobersens e s h isrealcondition o f l i feandhisre lationswithhi s k indTheneedofacon stantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisie overtheentiresurf aceoftheglobeItmust n e s t l e everywheresettleev e rywh ereestablishco nnectionseverywhereThebourgeoisiehasthroughitsexploitati onoftheworldm a r k e t g ivenacosmo p o l i t ancharactert oproductio nandconsump t ionineverycountryTothegreatchagrinofreactionariesithasdr awnfromun d e r t h e f eetofindus t r y th e n a t ionalgrou ndonwhichit s toodAllol destablish ednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredail ybeingdes t r o ye d Theyaredisl o d ged b y n ewindust r i e s whoseintr o d uctionbe comesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilizednationsbyindustr iesthatno l o ngerw o rkupindige n ousr a w m a terial b u t rawmat e r i aldraw nfromtheremote stzonesindustrieswhoseproductsareconsumedno tonly a t h o m ebut i neveryquart e r oftheg l o b e Inpl a c eofth e o l d wants s atisfiedbyt heproductionoftheco untrywefindnewwants requirin gfor t h e i r satis f actionthe p r o ductsof d i s tant l a n d s andcli m e s I np lac e oftheoldlocalandnationals eclus i on andselfsufficiencyweh avein t e r c o u rse i n everyd i r e c tionun i v e rsal i n t erdepen d e n c eo f n ationsAndasinmaterialsoal soinintellect ualp roductionTheintellec t u a l c r eati o n s ofin d i v i dualnat i o n sbe c o m e comm o n p roper t y N ationalonesidednessandnarrowmin d edne ssb ec o m emoreandmoreimpo s s i b l eandfr o m thenum e r o u snation a l a ndl o c a l l itera t u resth e r e arisesaworldliteratureThebourg eoisiebythe r a pidi m p rovement of a l l i nstrument s ofprod u c t i o nbythei m m ense l y f a c i l i tated m e a n sofcommunicationdrawsalleventhe mostbarb a r ian natio n s i n tocivi l i z ation The c heappri c e s o f commodit i e sar e t h e h e a vyartill e r y w ithwhichitforcesthebarbariansintensel y o b s t ina t ehat r e d o f forei gners toc a p itulat e I t c o m pelsa l lnati o n s o n p a i n o f extinctiontoadoptthebourgeoismode ofpro ducti o n i t c o m pels t h e m tointr odu cew h atitc a l l s c i vilizat i oni n t o t h eirm i d s t i etobecomebourgeoisthemselves Inoneworditcreatesa w o r l d a f t e r i t s o wnimageTh ebou rge o i s i e h a ssubj e cted the c ountrytotheruleofthetowns I t h ascreatedenormouscitieshasgreatlyincreasedth e urbanpopul a t i o n a s co m p a r edwit h t h e r u r a l a ndhast husre scue d a c onsiderablepartofthepopulatio n f r o mtheidiocyofrurallifeJust asit hasmadethecou n trydepend e n t o n t h e t o w n s s oith a s m a d e b a r barianandse miba r b a r iancountriesd e p e n d entonthecivilizedon esnationso fpeasa n tsonnationsofbou r g e ois t h e E a s t o n theWe s tTh e b o u r g e o isiekeep smor e a n dmore d o i n gaw a y witht hescatteredstateofthepopulation o fthe mea n so f p r o d u c t i o n a n d o f p roper t y I t h a s a g g lomerate d popu l a tioncen t r alized themean s ofproductionandhasconcentratedprope r tyinafewhand sTh e n e c e s s a r y c o n s e q uenceo f t h i s w a s p o liticalc entraliz ationInd e p endent o r b u t l o o s e l y c o n n e c tedprovinceswithseparateinterestslawsgovernmentsand systemsoftaxat i o n b e c a m e lumpedto g eth e r intoo n enationwithonegovernm e ncopyrigh t e u g e n e h o p kinson2 0 0 3